が(ga)

連体修飾語(rentai shushokugo) Attributive possession

君がため春の野にいでて若菜つむ(Kimi ga tame, haru no no ni idete, wakana tsumu) ('For your sake, I go to the Spring fields to pluck young herbs.')

起点 ・ 経由(kiten, keiyu) Point of origin, Point of passage

筑波を過ぎていくよか寝つる(Tsukuba wo sugite ikuyo ka netsuru.) 'How many nights have I slept since I passed by Tsukuba?'

動作の目的(dosa no mokuteki) Motivation of action

原因 ・ 基準など(gen'in, kijun nado) By reason of, by nature

見に行く(Mi ni yuku) 'Go to see.'

明日に枯れぬ ・ 梅にも劣らざるべし(Asahi ni karenu. Ume nimo ororazarubeshi.) 'It fades away in the morning sun. It is by no means inferior to the plum.'

引用、 比喩(inyo, hiyu) Quotation, Simile or Metaphor

並立など(furitsu nado) Parallelism

春来ぬと人は言へども(Haru kinu to hito wa iedomo...) 'Though men say that Spring has come....'

主は住みかと無常を争ふ(Aruji wa sumika to mujo wo arasou.)'Master and dwelling vie with each other in their mutual evanescence.'

比較の基準(hiyu no kijun)Starting point of contrast

手段 ・ 方法など(shudan, hoho nado) By means of, method

かたちよりは、 心なむまさりたりける(Katachi yori wa, kokoro namu masaritarikeru.) 'The heart surpasses all form.'

馬より行くに(Uma yori yuku ni...) 'As we journeyed on horseback...'

原因 ・ 理由(gen'in, riyu) Cause, reason

吹くからに草木をしをるれば(Fuku kara ni kusaki wo shiorureba...)'It is precisely because the wind blows that the trees and grasses wither.'

方法 ・ 原因 ・ 理由(hoho, gen'in, riyu) Through means of, cause, reason

もののけにて悩む (Mono-no-ke nite nayamu.) 'To be distressed because of a marauding spirit.'

手段 ・ 方法(shudan, hoho) By means of, method

御衣して耳をふたぎたまひつ(Onzo shite mimi futagitamaitsu.)'She covered her ears with her gown.'

順接確定条件(Junsetsu kakutei joken) Definitive resultative

conditional, 'when'

花咲けば (Hana sakeba...) 'When the cherries bloom...'

と(to)

'even though,' 'despite the fact that'

強調の仮定表現(Kyocho no katei hyogen) Definite conditional

何なりと (Nan nari to) 'What on earth could possibly be going on?'

ど(do)

'even though'

逆接一般条件(Gyakusetsu ippan joken) General contrastive)

いかなる大事あれども (Ikanaru ogoto aredomo...) 'No matter what important affair it may be....'

に(ni)

を(wo)

逆接(Gyakusetsu) Clause final contrast

順接(Junsetsu) Clause final resultative

…と言ふに (...to iu ni,) ' Though it was said that...'

わら一束ありけるを (Wara hitotaba arikeru wo,) 'There being a single bale of straw,'

して(shite)

状態(Jotai) Stative condition

多くして数ふべからず(Oku shite kazoubekarazu.) 'There were many, too many to count.'

動作の並列(Dosa no heiretsu) Co-existant parallel action

水の上に遊びつつ魚を食ふ(Mizu no ue ni asobitsutsu io wo ku.) 'Skimming the surface of the water, the birds feed on fish.'

intermittency of action

逆説確定条件(Gyakusetsu kakutei joken) Contrastive definitive

ものから(mono kara)

ものを(mono wo)

光をさまれるものから (Hikari osamareru monokara,) 'Even though the lamps had been put away...'

生まれしも帰らぬものを (Mumareshi mo kaeranu mono wo.) 'Though she lived, she returns not...'

最小限の限定(Saishogen no gentei) Limitation to the smallest common denominator

命だに心にかなふものならば(Inochi dani kokoro ni kanau mono naraba.) 'If life itself were the only thing that made my heart sing,...'

限定(Gentei) Limitation-'this and only this'

柱ばかり残れる (Hashira bakaari nokoreru.) 'Only the pillars remained.'

引用(Inyo) Quotation, etc.

まことになどのたまふ (Makoto ni nado notamau.) ' "Is that so?" was his reply.

しも(shimo)

急ぎしもせぬほどに月いでぬ (Isogi shimo senu hodo ni tsuki idenu.) 'Even though we were not particularly in a hurry, the moon soon rose.'

なむ(namu)

きこえさすべき方なくなむ (Kikoesasubeki kata naku namu) 'Indeed, there was no way to make an explanation to his majesty.'

か （かは）(ka or kawa)

反語 （連帯形結び）(Hango-rentaikei musubi) Rhetorical (Changes the sentence final inflected form to the rentaikei)

何処へか登らざらん (Idzuku he ka noborazaran) 'Where would I fear to tread?'

かな(kana)

かも(kamo)

遺恨のわざをもしたりけるかな (Ikon no waza wo mo shitarikeru kana) 'There must have been some residual resentment!'

萌えいづる春になりにけるかも (Moe-idzuru haru ni nari ni keru kamo) 'Indeed the bud sprouting Spring has arrived!'

もが(moga)

もがな(mogana)

もがも(mogamo)

あしひきの山はなくもが (Ashihiki no yama wa naku moga) 'How I wish there were none of these foot dragging mountains!'

世の中にさらぬ別れのなくもがな (Yo no naka ni saranu wakare no naku mogana) 'How I would wish, in the world of men and women, that inevitable partings would never be!'

梅の花今盛りなり、見む人もがも (Mume no hana ima sakarinari, min hito mogamo) 'Look at how the plums are in full bloom now; how I wish there were someone to see them!'

てしか(teshika)

てしかな(teshikana)

にしかな(nishikana)

そこともいはぬ旅寝してしか (Soko to mo iwanu tabine shi teshika) 'All I want is to take a brief unnoticed nap on this journey.'

いかでこのかぐや姫を得てしかな (Ikade kono Kaguyahime wo e teshikana.) 'I must have this Princess Kaguya at any cost!'

しばし心にまかせてもありにしかな (Shibashi kokoro ni makasete mo ari nishikana.) 'If only I could just leave my feelings as they are for just a little while!'

命はな死せたまひそ (Inochi wa na shisetamai so) 'My Lord, do not let your life slip from you!'

も(mo)

この夕かげにうぐひす鳴くも (Kono yukage ni uguisu naku mo) 'There in the gathering dusk sings the warbler!'